Understanding Nephrotic Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

What Is Nephrotic Syndrome?

Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney problem that causes your body to lose too much protein in urine. Because of this, swelling can happen in your legs, feet, or face. The kidneys are important for cleaning your blood. When they do not work well, waste and extra water can build up. As a result, you may feel tired or notice changes in your body. Nephrotic syndrome can affect both children and adults. Early care can help manage symptoms and protect kidney health.

Nephrotic Syndrome Symptoms

Many people first notice swelling, but there are other signs too. For example, you may see changes in your urine or feel more tired than usual. Below are common symptoms:

Swelling in the legs, ankles, feet, or around the eyes

Foamy or bubbly urine

Weight gain from fluid buildup

Loss of appetite

Feeling tired or weak

High blood pressure

Sometimes, symptoms can be mild at first. However, they may get worse if not treated. If you notice these signs, it is important to see a doctor soon.

Common Causes and Risk Factors

Nephrotic syndrome happens when tiny filters in the kidneys, called glomeruli, get damaged. Because of this, protein leaks into the urine. There are several causes:

Diseases that affect only the kidneys, like minimal change disease

Other illnesses, such as diabetes or lupus

Infections, for example hepatitis or HIV

Certain medicines, including some painkillers

Genetic factors, especially in children

Anyone can get nephrotic syndrome. However, it is more common in children aged 2 to 6 and adults over 60. Some regions may see higher rates due to infections or genetic factors. If you have a family history of kidney disease, your risk may be higher.

How Is Nephrotic Syndrome Diagnosed?

Doctors use several tests to find out if you have nephrotic syndrome. First, they will ask about your symptoms and check for swelling. Next, they may order these tests:

Urine test: Checks for high protein levels

Blood test: Looks at protein, cholesterol, and kidney function

Imaging tests: Such as ultrasound, to see kidney size and shape

Kidney biopsy: Sometimes, a small piece of kidney is checked under a microscope

Early diagnosis helps prevent more kidney damage. Therefore, it is important to get tested if you have symptoms.

Treatment for Nephrotic Syndrome

Treatment depends on the cause and how severe the symptoms are. The main goals are to reduce swelling, lower protein loss, and protect the kidneys. Common treatments include:

Medicines: Such as steroids, blood pressure pills, and water pills (diuretics)

Diet changes: Eating less salt to help control swelling

Treating infections: If an infection is the cause, antibiotics may be needed

Managing other health problems: Like diabetes or high blood pressure

Sometimes, people need to see a kidney specialist, called a nephrologist. With the right care, many people can manage their symptoms and live well.

Lifestyle Tips and Prevention

Although not all cases can be prevented, healthy habits can support kidney health. Here are some tips:

Eat a balanced diet with less salt and processed foods

Drink enough water, but not too much

Exercise regularly, but avoid overexertion

Take medicines as prescribed by your doctor

Get regular check-ups, especially if you have diabetes or high blood pressure

Avoid smoking and limit alcohol

For children, regular doctor visits can help catch problems early. Adults should also watch for changes in their health and seek help if needed.

Summary

Nephrotic syndrome is a serious kidney condition, but early care can make a big difference. Because symptoms like swelling and foamy urine can be easy to miss, it is important to know what to watch for. If you or your loved one has signs of nephrotic syndrome, do not wait. Consult a kidney specialist for personalized advice on nephrotic syndrome.